socioeconomic position
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idity from most causes, as well as of functional limitations, among persons who hase NFL jerseys lower socioeconomic position - people with lower leseis of education, income, occupation, material possessions and or wealth, or people who are part of marriages or households with such characteristics. There remains a numhet of issues and factors that may quahfy this Philadelphia Eagles Jerseys generalization and which deserve to receive increasing attention in research,Variations Across Measures of Socioeconomic Posit kin74 socioeconomic position
A good deal has been written on how lo measure socioeconomic position, which are the best indi-cators of socioeconomic position, and whether ?roc indicators are more predictive of health in different populations (eg. Bcrkman and Mauntyrc 1997; Kricgcr et al. 1997; Libcratos et al 1988). To a considerable degree these ques-tions remain unanswered, and perhaps un-answerable in a generic sense. There is s>ftcn considerable variation in Cleveland Browns Jerseys the extent to which dif-ferent indicators of socioeconomic position can be measured in different populations and in the precision and reliability of such measures European research nuke* heavy use of occupa-tional indicators, while research in the United Stales relies more heavily on income and educa-tion. the last bcuig the most widely used indica-tor in underdeveloped nations Wealth or permanent incomc is now being used more in health research in ihc l'nitcd States and Canada (eg. Kington and Smith 1997; football jerseys Robert and lloute 1996; Schocnhaum and Waidmann throwback jerseys 1997; Wolfson et al 199}). Material circum-stances (such as car ownership or housing tenure) have been additksnal indicators used pri-marily HI British research. New Orlean Saints jerseys
We support the psnition of Kneger et al. (1997) that composite indices of socioeconomic position arc generally to be avoided in favor of using a variety of separate indicators Education and income, if measured reasonably well, hive the virtues of New England Patriots Jerseys being applicable to all individuals and being relatively continusius in nature, and the same is true of wealth and material pos-sessions. although these arc more difficult lo measure well. Occupation, in contrast, works well for employed population*, but become* increasingly difficult or csen inappropriate to apply to those not or never in the labor force Researchers should try lo u*e multiple measures of socioeconomic position, as there is evidence that:Different measures have both common and inslepcndcnt pathways linking them to health (e g. education alTccls health both through and independent of its impact on income (Reynolds and Ross IMS));
Sosne measures of socioeconomic position may he purtxularly salient for spesnfic popu-lations or subgroups (c-g. wealth may increasingly rival or surpass income as a measure of the socioeconomic position of the elderly (Robert and llouse IV96?Different socioeconomic factors may affect different health outcomes in different degrees and ways Philadelphia Eagles Jerseys (e.g. education may be more important for health outcomes and risk fac-tors such as cardiovascular disease or smok-ing lhat have their origins earlier in life .
In addition, care needs to be given in several ways to conceptualizing and measuring what role lime plays in measuring socioeconomic posi-tion and its rclatkmship to health First, rather than mcasunng socioeconomic position at one point in time and assessing its rcLitionship to health and mortality. we need to underiLind how stability and change in socioeconomic posi-tion rcLnc to health New York Giants Jerseys arid mortality . For example. McDoooogh et al. (1997). uving a longitudinal panel study of adulls ages 45 and older in ihc United States, found that persistent Minnesota Vikings jerseys low incomc was a particulars stiong determinant of mortality, but that income milahilil) was also an important predictor of mortality among middtc-incomc adults.
Second, research needs lo clarify the complex relationships among childhood socioeconomic position, childhood healih. adult socioeconomic position, and adult health Do socioeconomic conditions of childhood hase a profound effect on health in adulthood, NFL jerseys or are socioeconomic conditions in adulthood San Diego Chargers Jerseys the primary determi-nants of health in adulthosxl?
A good deal has been written on how lo measure socioeconomic position, which are the best indi-cators of socioeconomic position, and whether ?roc indicators are more predictive of health in different populations (eg. Bcrkman and Mauntyrc 1997; Kricgcr et al. 1997; Libcratos et al 1988). To a considerable degree these ques-tions remain unanswered, and perhaps un-answerable in a generic sense. There is s>ftcn considerable variation in Cleveland Browns Jerseys the extent to which dif-ferent indicators of socioeconomic position can be measured in different populations and in the precision and reliability of such measures European research nuke* heavy use of occupa-tional indicators, while research in the United Stales relies more heavily on income and educa-tion. the last bcuig the most widely used indica-tor in underdeveloped nations Wealth or permanent incomc is now being used more in health research in ihc l'nitcd States and Canada (eg. Kington and Smith 1997; football jerseys Robert and lloute 1996; Schocnhaum and Waidmann throwback jerseys 1997; Wolfson et al 199}). Material circum-stances (such as car ownership or housing tenure) have been additksnal indicators used pri-marily HI British research. New Orlean Saints jerseys
We support the psnition of Kneger et al. (1997) that composite indices of socioeconomic position arc generally to be avoided in favor of using a variety of separate indicators Education and income, if measured reasonably well, hive the virtues of New England Patriots Jerseys being applicable to all individuals and being relatively continusius in nature, and the same is true of wealth and material pos-sessions. although these arc more difficult lo measure well. Occupation, in contrast, works well for employed population*, but become* increasingly difficult or csen inappropriate to apply to those not or never in the labor force Researchers should try lo u*e multiple measures of socioeconomic position, as there is evidence that:Different measures have both common and inslepcndcnt pathways linking them to health (e g. education alTccls health both through and independent of its impact on income (Reynolds and Ross IMS));
Sosne measures of socioeconomic position may he purtxularly salient for spesnfic popu-lations or subgroups (c-g. wealth may increasingly rival or surpass income as a measure of the socioeconomic position of the elderly (Robert and llouse IV96?Different socioeconomic factors may affect different health outcomes in different degrees and ways Philadelphia Eagles Jerseys (e.g. education may be more important for health outcomes and risk fac-tors such as cardiovascular disease or smok-ing lhat have their origins earlier in life .
In addition, care needs to be given in several ways to conceptualizing and measuring what role lime plays in measuring socioeconomic posi-tion and its rclatkmship to health First, rather than mcasunng socioeconomic position at one point in time and assessing its rcLitionship to health and mortality. we need to underiLind how stability and change in socioeconomic posi-tion rcLnc to health New York Giants Jerseys arid mortality . For example. McDoooogh et al. (1997). uving a longitudinal panel study of adulls ages 45 and older in ihc United States, found that persistent Minnesota Vikings jerseys low incomc was a particulars stiong determinant of mortality, but that income milahilil) was also an important predictor of mortality among middtc-incomc adults.
Second, research needs lo clarify the complex relationships among childhood socioeconomic position, childhood healih. adult socioeconomic position, and adult health Do socioeconomic conditions of childhood hase a profound effect on health in adulthood, NFL jerseys or are socioeconomic conditions in adulthood San Diego Chargers Jerseys the primary determi-nants of health in adulthosxl?
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