an inscrsc social
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First results from one of these birth cohort studies indicate that subjective health at age 33 is besi predicted by a combination of social "hentage" factors (parent's socioeconomic status, low birth weight, height), offspring's own socio-economic position. Ihe amount of her chroni-cally stressful cxpcncncc at work, and off-spring's health-adverse behavior, in particular cigarette smoking (Power 1997. personal com-munication). As postulated by the pathways modd. the emergent trend is one of differential football jerseys accumulation of nsk factors occurring at differ-ent stages according to social position at birth. These preliminary results illustrate the potential explanatory power of a life course ('pathways') approach towards studying social causes of health and illness.
The demonstration of an inscrsc social gradient of morbidity and NFL jerseys mortality within and between populations in a large number of advanced societies must be New York Giants Jerseys considered one of the most consistent and most important findings of mod-ern social epidemiology and medical sociology. The policy implications of these results are far- reaching. especially so since the coninbulion of hcallh-carc factors lo an explanation of San Diego Chargers Jerseys the social gradient is rather modest (Marmot 1994). Other cxpkinations pointing to social selection or genets; risk were aho shown to be of minor rele-vance However, health-damaging behaviors and unfavorable exposure-resource conditions play a crucial role in explaining the social gradient of chronic disease, at least in middle adulthood (Bobok and Marmot 19%: Marmot 1994). This Philadelphia Eagles Jerseys also holds true for the psychosocial exposure resource approach in general, and the models of chronically stressful experience ut work in parti-cular (Lynch el al. 1997; Marmot ct al. 1997) Based on the most rcccni findings from Ihc Whitehall II study. Michael Marmot and col-leagues conclude that much of the Cleveland Browns Jerseys inverse socul gradient in coronary heart disease reports can be attributed to unfavourable psychosocial working conditions (Marmot ct al. 1997).
Provided this line of explanation ft further substantiated. its policy implications point to the relevance of structural primary prevention in three distinct social environments: the family, the school, and the work place. Whereas the first two New Orlean Saints jerseys social environments need to he addressed by structural measures in order to improve health-promoting beha-viors and underlying psychosocial skills and competences in children and adolescents, the work place environment offers opuons to reduce the pathogenic effects of chronically stressful experience at work and to enhance ils salutogenic potentials in adults
First, results from psychosocial intervention studies in family and school settings arc prom-ising. New England Patriots Jerseys as they underline some favorable long- term effects of these measures (for an instruc-tive review, sec throwback jerseys llertrman and Wicns 19961 This also holds true for work-site intervention studies in adult populations bated on the mod-els discussed. For instance, fasorablc effects of enlarged decision latitude and improscd sup-port on sickness absence, subjective health, and reduction in atherogenic lipids were found (Karasck 1992. Orth-Gomcr et al 1994; Theorcll and Karasck 19961 Furthermore, rein-forced social skills and improved esteem con-tributed to well-being by reducing a critical lesel of work-related overcommitment (Aust ct al. 1997).
In conclusion, policy implications of ad-vanced. theory-based sociological knowledge on social cauves of Minnesota Vikings jerseys illness are considerable, and il is hoped that these findings receive more atten-tion in future political debates, especially so as ibe direct and indirect health costs of chronic stress at work were recently shown to be sub-stantial (Levi and I.ursde-Jensen 1996).
The demonstration of an inscrsc social gradient of morbidity and NFL jerseys mortality within and between populations in a large number of advanced societies must be New York Giants Jerseys considered one of the most consistent and most important findings of mod-ern social epidemiology and medical sociology. The policy implications of these results are far- reaching. especially so since the coninbulion of hcallh-carc factors lo an explanation of San Diego Chargers Jerseys the social gradient is rather modest (Marmot 1994). Other cxpkinations pointing to social selection or genets; risk were aho shown to be of minor rele-vance However, health-damaging behaviors and unfavorable exposure-resource conditions play a crucial role in explaining the social gradient of chronic disease, at least in middle adulthood (Bobok and Marmot 19%: Marmot 1994). This Philadelphia Eagles Jerseys also holds true for the psychosocial exposure resource approach in general, and the models of chronically stressful experience ut work in parti-cular (Lynch el al. 1997; Marmot ct al. 1997) Based on the most rcccni findings from Ihc Whitehall II study. Michael Marmot and col-leagues conclude that much of the Cleveland Browns Jerseys inverse socul gradient in coronary heart disease reports can be attributed to unfavourable psychosocial working conditions (Marmot ct al. 1997).
Provided this line of explanation ft further substantiated. its policy implications point to the relevance of structural primary prevention in three distinct social environments: the family, the school, and the work place. Whereas the first two New Orlean Saints jerseys social environments need to he addressed by structural measures in order to improve health-promoting beha-viors and underlying psychosocial skills and competences in children and adolescents, the work place environment offers opuons to reduce the pathogenic effects of chronically stressful experience at work and to enhance ils salutogenic potentials in adults
First, results from psychosocial intervention studies in family and school settings arc prom-ising. New England Patriots Jerseys as they underline some favorable long- term effects of these measures (for an instruc-tive review, sec throwback jerseys llertrman and Wicns 19961 This also holds true for work-site intervention studies in adult populations bated on the mod-els discussed. For instance, fasorablc effects of enlarged decision latitude and improscd sup-port on sickness absence, subjective health, and reduction in atherogenic lipids were found (Karasck 1992. Orth-Gomcr et al 1994; Theorcll and Karasck 19961 Furthermore, rein-forced social skills and improved esteem con-tributed to well-being by reducing a critical lesel of work-related overcommitment (Aust ct al. 1997).
In conclusion, policy implications of ad-vanced. theory-based sociological knowledge on social cauves of Minnesota Vikings jerseys illness are considerable, and il is hoped that these findings receive more atten-tion in future political debates, especially so as ibe direct and indirect health costs of chronic stress at work were recently shown to be sub-stantial (Levi and I.ursde-Jensen 1996).
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